【】是(shi)人類*早發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)之一，也是(shi)人類*早開始使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)。考古學家在伊拉克北部發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)由自然銅(tong)制造的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)珠，據推測已超(chao)過1萬年。在我國，4000年前的(de)(de)(de)夏朝已經(jing)開始使(shi)用紅(hong)銅(tong)，即出來的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然銅(tong)。隨著社會發(fa)展進步，銅(tong)已經(jing)是(shi)現代生活中隨處可(ke)見的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)物(wu)質，應用之廣泛就目前中國而言，在有色金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)消費中，銅(tong)僅次于鋁。
一、中國銅加工行業概況
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)是我國(guo)有(you)色金(jin)屬(shu)的重要組(zu)成部分(fen)。經過多(duo)年的快速發展，我國(guo)已經成為球*大的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)生產國(guo)和消費國(guo)，綜(zong)合(he)實力(li)明顯(xian)增強(qiang)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)行業屬(shu)于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產業鏈的中間環節，是國(guo)民經濟(ji)的一個重要部門。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)產品依其含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)可(ke)分(fen)為純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金(jin)產品。純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具(ju)有(you)高導電(dian)及導熱性能、良好的可(ke)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)性、令人(ren)滿(man)意的強(qiang)度和良好的、耐磨(mo)性；銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金(jin)是以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)為主要合(he)金(jin)元素，加(jia)(jia)入其他輔(fu)助元素熔合(he)而成，使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的功能和加(jia)(jia)工(gong)性能得以進一步(bu)提升，滿(man)足不(bu)同(tong)(tong)行業、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)用途和不(bu)同(tong)(tong)性能的產品要求。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金(jin)的優良屬(shu)性使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)產品廣泛應用于航空(kong)航天(tian)、軍工(gong)、通訊、電(dian)力(li)、電(dian)氣、、、制造、家電(dian)、汽車等眾多(duo)領域。
據安泰(tai)科統(tong)計(ji)，目前(qian)銅(tong)(tong)合金加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)在中國(guo)銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)總(zong)量(liang)中約(yue)占(zhan)20%，而且(qie)隨著(zhu)社會科技的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步和(he)各(ge)行業的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行業的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢已由傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業務向(xiang)新型(xing)銅(tong)(tong)合金材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發(fa)和(he)生(sheng)產(chan)方向(xiang)轉變。中國(guo)民眾生(sheng)活水(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)提高和(he)制(zhi)造業的(de)(de)(de)(de)強勁(jing)增(zeng)長(chang)帶動了銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行業需(xu)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)速擴(kuo)張，銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)品表觀(guan)消(xiao)(xiao)費量(liang)從2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)247.50萬(wan)噸迅速增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)到(dao)(dao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)790.33萬(wan)噸，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均增(zeng)長(chang)率達18.70%。2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)第(di)四季度(du)，銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行業受(shou)金融(rong)危機的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響增(zeng)速同比(bi)有所(suo)下滑，但2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)和(he)2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)表觀(guan)消(xiao)(xiao)費量(liang)和(he)產(chan)量(liang)仍達到(dao)(dao)了歷史*高位。目前(qian)，中國(guo)已成為全(quan)球銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)品消(xiao)(xiao)費第(di) 一大(da)國(guo)，經(jing)濟社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)將(jiang)會進(jin)一步帶動銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場需(xu)求，2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)消(xiao)(xiao)費量(liang)達到(dao)(dao)850.10萬(wan)噸。銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)品需(xu)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)增(zeng)長(chang)促進(jin)了中國(guo)銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行業的(de)(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)品產(chan)量(liang)從2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)185.80萬(wan)噸增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)到(dao)(dao)2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)748.60萬(wan)噸，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均增(zeng)長(chang)率達22.81%。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)，世(shi)界銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)品產(chan)量(liang)為1,652.00萬(wan)噸，中國(guo)所(suo)占(zhan)比(bi)重超(chao)過了49%，其(qi)他主要生(sheng)產(chan)國(guo)依次是美國(guo)、日本、德國(guo)和(he)意大(da)利。
作為(wei)全球*大的(de)銅(tong)加工(gong)產(chan)品(pin)生產(chan)國(guo)和(he)消(xiao)費國(guo)，中(zhong)國(guo)仍在快速占(zhan)(zhan)有世(shi)界更大的(de)市場份額。中(zhong)國(guo)銅(tong)加工(gong)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)生產(chan)和(he)消(xiao)費主要集(ji)中(zhong)在長江三(san)(san)角洲、珠(zhu)江三(san)(san)角洲、環渤海(hai)這三(san)(san)大制造業集(ji)聚(ju)區，尤其是浙江、江蘇和(he)廣東。2008年度，三(san)(san)省(sheng)的(de)表觀(guan)消(xiao)費量(liang)和(he)產(chan)量(liang)均占(zhan)(zhan)全國(guo)比(bi)重的(de)2/3，其中(zhong)產(chan)量(liang)*大的(de)浙江省(sheng)約占(zhan)(zhan)全國(guo)總(zong)量(liang)的(de)1/4。
經過20多年的快速發展，目前中國銅加工行業呈現出以下特點：
1、行業結構有待改善，產品未能滿足高新技術領域的市場需求
中(zhong)國(guo)銅加工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)數量(liang)(liang)多、規模小使得(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內部缺(que)乏(fa)有效的(de)調控和(he)自律，導致我國(guo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)普通產(chan)(chan)(chan)品產(chan)(chan)(chan)能過剩、競爭(zheng)激烈，但(dan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)端產(chan)(chan)(chan)品仍依賴(lai)的(de)局面。以(yi)銅棒(bang)(bang)(bang)材(cai)(cai)(cai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)為例，2009年度(du)中(zhong)國(guo)銅棒(bang)(bang)(bang)材(cai)(cai)(cai)表(biao)觀(guan)消費(fei)量(liang)(liang)為76.60萬噸，其中(zhong)精密(mi)銅和(he)棒(bang)(bang)(bang)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)強高(gao)(gao)(gao)導銅合(he)(he)金(jin)棒(bang)(bang)(bang)等高(gao)(gao)(gao)性(xing)能銅棒(bang)(bang)(bang)的(de)表(biao)觀(guan)消費(fei)量(liang)(liang)合(he)(he)計(ji)38.37萬噸，而精密(mi)銅合(he)(he)金(jin)棒(bang)(bang)(bang)和(he)高(gao)(gao)(gao)性(xing)能銅合(he)(he)金(jin)棒(bang)(bang)(bang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)合(he)(he)計(ji)為31.40萬噸，供求缺(que)口6.97萬噸需要(yao)依靠進(jin)(jin)口，占當(dang)年同類產(chan)(chan)(chan)品消費(fei)量(liang)(liang)的(de)18.17%。進(jin)(jin)口產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)端屬性(xing)主要(yao)表(biao)現為兩個方(fang)面，一是(shi)加工(gong)精度(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，二是(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)由于專利技(ji)術等限制國(guo)內目前無法(fa)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)。因(yin)此，中(zhong)國(guo)銅加工(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)政策鼓勵新(xin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品和(he)新(xin)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)開發，從根本上解決材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)與工(gong)藝問(wen)題(ti)，改善行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品結(jie)構(gou)，滿足(zu)航空航天、國(guo)防(fang)軍(jun)工(gong)、電子(zi)信息工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)等高(gao)(gao)(gao)新(xin)技(ji)術領域對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)精尖深加工(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)需要(yao)。
2、行業整體的研發實力有待加強
中國(guo)(guo)(guo)合(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)一(yi)(yi)流(liu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)同臺競(jing)爭(zheng)，研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)實力(li)的(de)(de)(de)差距是(shi)(shi)根本性的(de)(de)(de)差距，主要體(ti)現在材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)和(he)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝兩個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面。新(xin)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)和(he)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)是(shi)(shi)為了(le)滿足下(xia)游行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)對材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)性能的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)要求，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷改進則(ze)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面是(shi)(shi)為了(le)降(jiang)(jiang)低生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成本，另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面是(shi)(shi)為了(le)提高(gao)合(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝精(jing)度(du)，為下(xia)游客(ke)戶的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)降(jiang)(jiang)低加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本。中國(guo)(guo)(guo)合(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技術(shu)創新(xin)活躍，新(xin)技術(shu)在合(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)發(fa)(fa)揮著(zhu)重要作用(yong)，如近(jin)年(nian)高(gao)性能、高(gao)耐磨等合(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)(fa)與(yu)應用(yong)。相(xiang)比(bi)而言(yan)，雖(sui)然(ran)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在高(gao)強(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)導銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)、環(huan)保銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)、高(gao)效散熱管等領域取得了(le)一(yi)(yi)定成果，并且已(yi)成為銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)棒出(chu)口的(de)(de)(de)主要優(you)勢品種，但在功能銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)基等新(xin)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)前沿(yan)研(yan)(yan)究領域與(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)主流(liu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)商的(de)(de)(de)差距依(yi)然(ran)明(ming)顯。隨著(zhu)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)結構的(de)(de)(de)升級(ji)和(he)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)競(jing)爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)劇，越來(lai)越多的(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)通過(guo)設立研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)中心、增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)投入來(lai)增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)自主創新(xin)能力(li)。但是(shi)(shi)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)經驗的(de)(de)(de)積累和(he)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)整體(ti)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)實力(li)的(de)(de)(de)提升是(shi)(shi)個(ge)長(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)只(zhi)有不(bu)斷加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)實力(li)才(cai)能從(cong)根本上(shang)提高(gao)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)、維持可(ke)持續增(zeng)長(chang)。
3、行業集中度有待提高，尚未形成世界 級的銅加工龍頭企業
據銅(tong)信寶統(tong)計，中國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)近10000家銅(tong)加工企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，但(dan)至今(jin)還沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一家能在(zai)綜合實(shi)(shi)力上(shang)(shang)與世界同(tong)行業(ye)(ye)先進(jin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)相抗(kang)衡，在(zai)生產(chan)(chan)規模、管理水(shui)平和(he)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)實(shi)(shi)力等方(fang)面(mian)(mian)均有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較大(da)的(de)差(cha)距。國(guo)際先進(jin)銅(tong)加工企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)年(nian)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)全(quan)部在(zai)20萬(wan)噸(dun)以上(shang)(shang)，KME（歐洲(zhou)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)公司(si)）的(de)銅(tong)加工產(chan)(chan)品(pin)2008年(nian)度(du)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)受金(jin)(jin)融危(wei)機(ji)影響有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所下降，但(dan)仍達(da)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)57.10萬(wan)噸(dun)，而目(mu)前(qian)國(guo)內產(chan)(chan)量(liang)*大(da)的(de)銅(tong)加工上(shang)(shang)市公司(si)，海亮股份2009年(nian)度(du)棒材銷量(liang)為14.79萬(wan)噸(dun)，營業(ye)(ye)收入(ru)為60.52億(yi)元；其次為精誠銅(tong)業(ye)(ye)，2009年(nian)度(du)實(shi)(shi)現產(chan)(chan)量(liang)7.81萬(wan)噸(dun)，營業(ye)(ye)收入(ru)21.56億(yi)元，其他上(shang)(shang)市公司(si)則規模更小。近年(nian)來銅(tong)價高位(wei)(wei)運行，加大(da)了(le)(le)(le)(le)行業(ye)(ye)內企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)流(liu)動資(zi)金(jin)(jin)壓力和(he)運營成本，銅(tong)價的(de)大(da)幅(fu)波(bo)動也對企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)管理能力提出了(le)(le)(le)(le)嚴(yan)峻的(de)挑戰，尤其是存貨管理方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)稍有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不慎(shen)就可能導(dao)致虧損。若未來銅(tong)價持(chi)續保持(chi)高位(wei)(wei)，將有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)越來越多的(de)中小企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)被迫減產(chan)(chan)、停產(chan)(chan)甚至被淘汰。因(yin)此(ci)，行業(ye)(ye)的(de)自然(ran)演變和(he)行業(ye)(ye)環境(jing)的(de)變遷(qian)給管理嚴(yan)謹、創(chuang)新能力強(qiang)、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)特色(se)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)競爭(zheng)力的(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)帶來了(le)(le)(le)(le)行業(ye)(ye)整合的(de)機(ji)會(hui)。
4、低成本優勢正在逐漸喪失，新的競爭優勢尚待確立
與其他國(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)同類(lei)產(chan)(chan)品相(xiang)比(bi)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工產(chan)(chan)品具(ju)有(you)低成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)優勢，這主(zhu)要得益于較(jiao)低的(de)(de)勞(lao)動力(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、能(neng)源(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)和投資成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。但是，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)這些競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)優勢正在(zai)逐(zhu)漸(jian)喪失。一方面，勞(lao)動力(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)和能(neng)源(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)逐(zhu)步提高(gao)；另(ling)一方面，由于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屬于資金密集(ji)型行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，設(she)備(bei)和技術的(de)(de)更新(xin)改造(zao)、研(yan)發投入(ru)的(de)(de)不斷加(jia)(jia)(jia)大壓縮(suo)了勞(lao)動力(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)和能(neng)源(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)在(zai)生產(chan)(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)中(zhong)所占的(de)(de)比(bi)例。所以，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)低成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)優勢將(jiang)會(hui)逐(zhu)漸(jian)喪失。面對國(guo)(guo)際同行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)還未確立研(yan)發、生產(chan)(chan)規模、產(chan)(chan)品結構等方面的(de)(de)優勢，在(zai)此(ci)期間，普通及低端(duan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工產(chan)(chan)品領域將(jiang)會(hui)面臨激烈的(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)。具(ju)有(you)持續(xu)的(de)(de)自主(zhu)創新(xin)能(neng)力(li)(li)、能(neng)將(jiang)研(yan)發成(cheng)(cheng)果有(you)效產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)的(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)將(jiang)借(jie)助(zhu)全(quan)球視野逐(zhu)漸(jian)形成(cheng)(cheng)規模，參與國(guo)(guo)際市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)，并在(zai)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)和品牌(pai)化(hua)經營的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)被市(shi)場(chang)認可(ke)，從而形成(cheng)(cheng)自己(ji)的(de)(de)核心競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)優勢。
5、上游冶煉企業大規模進入銅加工行業
我國(guo)銅(tong)資(zi)源較為匱乏，加(jia)上(shang)銅(tong)價維(wei)持高位且波動較大(da)，使得(de)國(guo)內具有(you)資(zi)源優(you)勢的(de)銅(tong)采(cai)選和(he)冶(ye)煉(lian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)已經(jing)或準備進入銅(tong)加(jia)工(gong)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。上(shang)游(you)冶(ye)煉(lian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)具有(you)資(zi)源、規模、資(zi)金(jin)優(you)勢，在(zai)大(da)規模的(de)普通銅(tong)加(jia)工(gong)產(chan)品市場具有(you)成(cheng)本優(you)勢。采(cai)選、冶(ye)煉(lian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)銅(tong)加(jia)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)管理和(he)經(jing)營模式上(shang)有(you)著根本性的(de)區別，國(guo)際上(shang)采(cai)選和(he)冶(ye)煉(lian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)涉足銅(tong)加(jia)工(gong)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)案例以(yi)失(shi)敗(bai)居(ju)多(duo)。目(mu)前銅(tong)加(jia)工(gong)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)高端領域正(zheng)在(zai)向(xiang)新型合金(jin)材料的(de)研發和(he)生(sheng)產(chan)趨(qu)勢發展，我國(guo)國(guo)有(you)大(da)型冶(ye)煉(lian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進入銅(tong)加(jia)工(gong)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)經(jing)濟、社會效益尚未體現。
二、行業利潤水平
影(ying)響(xiang)行(xing)業(ye)利(li)(li)潤水(shui)平(ping)(ping)的(de)主(zhu)要因(yin)素是新材料和工藝技(ji)術的(de)研發以及加(jia)工費水(shui)平(ping)(ping)，傳統銅加(jia)工企業(ye)的(de)利(li)(li)潤水(shui)平(ping)(ping)受市(shi)場(chang)競爭的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)整(zheng)體(ti)呈現緩慢下降的(de)趨勢，但擁有雄厚研發實力和先(xian)進技(ji)術裝備，能夠生(sheng)(sheng)產高附加(jia)值的(de)新產品或實現規模化(hua)經營(ying)的(de)企業(ye)，利(li)(li)潤水(shui)平(ping)(ping)較高，盈利(li)(li)也更(geng)為(wei)穩(wen)定。因(yin)此(ci)，行(xing)業(ye)企業(ye)的(de)利(li)(li)潤水(shui)平(ping)(ping)存在較大差別(bie)，特別(bie)是近年(nian)銅價高位運行(xing)且波動較大，如果企業(ye)不能采取有效措施消(xiao)除或減少銅價大幅波動對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)產經營(ying)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，直(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)企業(ye)的(de)經營(ying)成果。
三、與上、下游行業之間的關聯性
在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)中(zhong)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦開采處于上游(you)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)煉為中(zhong)上游(you)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)棒、、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管、等銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加工(gong)材料(liao)行業(ye)(ye)居中(zhong)游(you)，電力(li)及(ji)電工(gong)電器、家電、電子信息產(chan)品、交(jiao)通運(yun)輸等行業(ye)(ye)處于產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)的下游(you)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金棒料(liao)加工(gong)行業(ye)(ye)是此產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)中(zhong)的重要(yao)一環(huan)，在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)價值鏈(lian)(lian)中(zhong)起著(zhu)承上啟(qi)下的作用。
1、與上游行業的關聯性
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)行(xing)業的(de)(de)上(shang)游(you)為有(you)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)冶(ye)煉(lian)行(xing)業，其所產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、、電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)鋅(xin)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)錫(xi)等(deng)(deng)為行(xing)業企(qi)業的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)原材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。上(shang)游(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)煉(lian)行(xing)業的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經營直(zhi)接決(jue)定(ding)(ding)了市場上(shang)該等(deng)(deng)金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)供(gong)應量，從(cong)而(er)與市場需求和(he)(he)投資(zi)需求共同(tong)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)市場價(jia)格。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)行(xing)業主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)靠賺(zhuan)取加(jia)工(gong)(gong)費和(he)(he)部分產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)附加(jia)值(zhi)為利(li)潤(run)來源，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)的(de)(de)上(shang)漲(zhang)對行(xing)業利(li)潤(run)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)不大，但會對銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)構成(cheng)以及流動資(zi)金(jin)需求產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)一定(ding)(ding)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。由(you)于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)持續高企(qi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)原料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)成(cheng)本(ben)中所占比例(li)極高，平均超過(guo)80%，因(yin)此有(you)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)冶(ye)煉(lian)行(xing)業與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)行(xing)業聯系密(mi)切。國(guo)內(nei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)來源除銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)煉(lian)行(xing)業外，再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)資(zi)源也(ye)是一個重(zhong)要(yao)原料(liao)(liao)來源。再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)來源和(he)(he)品(pin)質(zhi)會直(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)棒線(xian)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量和(he)(he)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)，比如(ru)為保證產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量和(he)(he)性能穩定(ding)(ding)性，公司主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)均以電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)鋅(xin)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)鎳和(he)(he)紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)為原料(liao)(liao)。
2、上游行業發展狀況對本行業發展前景的有利和不利影響
中國(guo)銅精(jing)礦保障能力較低(di)，銅冶煉(lian)行業(ye)需(xu)要依靠大量(liang)進(jin)口(kou)各種(zhong)銅資源來(lai)彌補國(guo)內的(de)需(xu)求缺口(kou)，因此，中國(guo)銅價受國(guo)際銅價的(de)影響較大。對銅加工(gong)企業(ye)而言,銅價穩定地保持在低(di)位是(shi)一(yi)個理(li)想(xiang)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，企業(ye)不僅規避了銅價大幅(fu)波動給經營帶來(lai)的(de)風險，而且(qie)占(zhan)用的(de)流動資金也會(hui)大幅(fu)下降。
根(gen)據《關于再(zai)(zai)生資源(yuan)增值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)政(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通知》規(gui)定，中(zhong)國(guo)自2009年(nian)1月1日(ri)起取消(xiao)再(zai)(zai)生資源(yuan)產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)政(zheng)策，執行對滿足一(yi)定條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢舊物資回收企業按(an)其銷售(shou)再(zai)(zai)生資源(yuan)實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)定比例（2009年(nian)為(wei)70%，2010年(nian)為(wei)50%）實行增值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)先征后退的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策。該(gai)政(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施將會(hui)規(gui)范(fan)再(zai)(zai)生銅行業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營管理，從(cong)而有(you)助于國(guo)內(nei)銅資源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更有(you)效利用。
四、銅加工業發展新趨勢
1、銅加工材質與量增長并重
在全球銅工業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)中，中國(guo)(guo)扮演著日益重要(yao)的角色，中國(guo)(guo)已經(jing)成(cheng)為世界精銅生產(chan)、加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工和消費大(da)國(guo)(guo)，盡管整體(ti)實力不(bu)強(qiang)，但(dan)國(guo)(guo)際影響力越(yue)來越(yue)大(da)。未來幾(ji)年國(guo)(guo)際銅加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工業(ye)(ye)的發(fa)展(zhan)趨勢是企業(ye)(ye)數量(liang)和規模不(bu)會(hui)有太大(da)變化，產(chan)能和產(chan)量(liang)也(ye)不(bu)會(hui)有太大(da)增(zeng)長，而產(chan)品(pin)品(pin)種會(hui)不(bu)斷(duan)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，產(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)會(hui)更(geng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)精益求(qiu)精、更(geng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)節能環(huan)保，低碳減排、綠色革命、環(huan)保經(jing)濟將深(shen)刻影響本(ben)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)。
2、多種產品與細分市場并行
銅加工業將進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)增加科技投入，大力開展(zhan)技術創新(xin)(xin)，產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質量和檔(dang)次(ci)將繼續穩步(bu)提高(gao)，努力向多品(pin)種、高(gao)精(jing)尖方(fang)向發展(zhan)，產(chan)(chan)品(pin)標準水平(ping)繼續處(chu)于(yu)國際先(xian)進(jin)行(xing)列，銅材(cai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)應用于(yu)電力、家用電器、汽(qi)車、建筑、電子儀器、國防、交(jiao)通運輸、海洋工程等多個市(shi)場和多個行(xing)業，占據(ju)銅材(cai)高(gao)端市(shi)場，滿足(zu)國民經濟(ji)現代化和高(gao)新(xin)(xin)科技發展(zhan)的要求，也增強其(qi)在國內外市(shi)場的競爭力。
3.大型銅企業產業縱向一體化趨勢明顯
掌(zhang)(zhang)握資(zi)源、掌(zhang)(zhang)握未來。國內大(da)型(xing)銅(tong)聯合企業(ye)利用其(qi)資(zi)源優(you)勢(shi)，有(you)選擇的(de)(de)發(fa)展高(gao)(gao)精銅(tong)材加(jia)工項目，增加(jia)產(chan)(chan)品附(fu)加(jia)值(zhi)和競爭優(you)勢(shi)，產(chan)(chan)業(ye)格(ge)局將發(fa)生(sheng)變化；而大(da)型(xing)銅(tong)加(jia)工集團可以向(xiang)上、下(xia)延長產(chan)(chan)業(ye)鏈，尤其(qi)是將使產(chan)(chan)業(ye)鏈條向(xiang)上游擴展，加(jia)大(da)對礦(kuang)產(chan)(chan)開采(cai)業(ye)的(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)力度，建(jian)避免產(chan)(chan)品單一帶來的(de)(de)經營風險，提高(gao)(gao)企業(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)協同性，提升整體競爭水(shui)平。
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