黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)分類
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)如(ru)果是(shi)由(you)二種(zhong)以上的(de)元(yuan)素組成的(de)多種(zhong)合金就稱為特殊黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)。如(ru)由(you)鉛、錫、錳、鎳、鐵、硅組成的(de)銅(tong)(tong)合金。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)有較(jiao)強的(de)耐(nai)磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。特殊黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)又叫特種(zhong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)，它強度高、硬度大(da)、耐(nai)化學腐蝕性(xing)(xing)強。還有切削加(jia)工的(de)機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)也較(jiao)突(tu)出。由(you)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)所(suo)拉(la)成的(de)無(wu)縫銅(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)，質軟、耐(nai)磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)強。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)無(wu)縫管(guan)(guan)可(ke)用于熱交換器和冷(leng)凝器、低(di)溫管(guan)(guan)路、海底運輸管(guan)(guan)。制(zhi)(zhi)造板料(liao)、條材(cai)、棒材(cai)、管(guan)(guan)材(cai)，鑄造零(ling)件(jian)等。含銅(tong)(tong)在62%～68%，塑(su)性(xing)(xing)強，制(zhi)(zhi)造耐(nai)壓設備(bei)等。
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅棒(bang)根據黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅中所(suo)含合金元素種類(lei)的(de)(de)不同，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅分為(wei)普通黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅和(he)特(te)殊(shu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅兩(liang)種。壓(ya)力(li)加工用的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅稱(cheng)為(wei)變形黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅。
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)鋅的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)金(jin)。最簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)——鋅二元合(he)金(jin)，稱為(wei)簡(jian)單(dan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或普通黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。改(gai)變黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)鋅的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)可(ke)以得到(dao)不(bu)(bu)同機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)鋅的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)越高(gao)，其強度(du)也(ye)較高(gao)，塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)稍低。工(gong)(gong)業中(zhong)采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)鋅量(liang)不(bu)(bu)超過45%，含(han)鋅量(liang)再高(gao)將(jiang)會(hui)產生脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，使合(he)金(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)變壞。為(wei)了改(gai)善黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)某種性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，在(zai)一元黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)加入其它合(he)金(jin)元素的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)稱為(wei)特殊(shu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。常用的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)金(jin)元素有(you)硅、鋁(lv)(lv)、錫(xi)、鉛、錳(meng)(meng)、鐵(tie)與(yu)鎳等。在(zai)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加鋁(lv)(lv)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)提高(gao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)屈服強度(du)和(he)(he)抗腐蝕性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，稍降低塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。含(han)鋁(lv)(lv)小于4%的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)具有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)、鑄(zhu)造(zao)等綜合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。在(zai)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)顯著改(gai)善黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗海水和(he)(he)海洋大(da)氣(qi)腐蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，因此稱為(wei)“海軍黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)”。錫(xi)還能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)改(gai)善黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)切削加工(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)改(gai)善切削加工(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)提高(gao)耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，鉛對黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強度(du)影響不(bu)(bu)大(da)。錳(meng)(meng)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)具有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、熱穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)抗蝕性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);在(zai)錳(meng)(meng)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加鋁(lv)(lv)，還可(ke)以改(gai)善它的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，得到(dao)表面光潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)件。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)分為(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)和(he)(he)壓力加工(gong)(gong)兩類產品。
黃銅棒制造的原(yuan)則(ze)
(1)所有元素(su)都無(wu)一例外(wai)地(di)降低(di)(di)銅(tong)(tong)棒(bang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)導(dao)率(lv)和(he)(he)熱導(dao)率(lv)，凡元素(su)固溶(rong)于銅(tong)(tong)棒(bang)中(zhong)，造(zao)成銅(tong)(tong)棒(bang)的(de)(de)(de)晶格畸(ji)變，使自(zi)由(you)電(dian)子定向(xiang)流動(dong)時產生波散(san)射，使電(dian)阻率(lv)增加，相(xiang)反在銅(tong)(tong)棒(bang)中(zhong)沒有固溶(rong)度或很少固溶(rong)的(de)(de)(de)元素(su)，對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)棒(bang)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)和(he)(he)導(dao)熱影響很少，特別應注意的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)有些元素(su)在銅(tong)(tong)棒(bang)中(zhong)固溶(rong)度隨著溫(wen)度降低(di)(di)而(er)激烈(lie)地(di)降低(di)(di)，以單質(zhi)和(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬化合(he)(he)物析出(chu)，既可固溶(rong)和(he)(he)彌(mi)散(san)強化銅(tong)(tong)棒(bang)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，又對(dui)電(dian)導(dao)率(lv)降低(di)(di)不多，這對(dui)研(yan)究高強高導(dao)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)來說，是(shi)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)化原則，這里應特別指出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)鐵、硅、錯(cuo)、鉻四(si)元素(su)與銅(tong)(tong)棒(bang)組成的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)是(shi)極為重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)高強高導(dao)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin);由(you)于合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)元素(su)對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)棒(bang)性能影響是(shi)疊(die)加的(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)中(zhong)CoCr
—Zr 系合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)是(shi)著名的(de)(de)(de)高強高導(dao)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin);
(2)銅基耐蝕合金的組織都應該是單相，避免在合金中出現第二相引起電化學腐蝕。為此加人的合金元素在銅棒中都應該有很大的固溶度，甚至是無限互溶的元素，在工程應用的單相黃銅棒、青銅棒、白銅棒都具有優良的耐蝕性能，是重要的熱交換材料。《東力重工》
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