基本情況
1. 銅加工材及各分品種產量(liang)每年(nian)穩步增(zeng)長。
2017年(nian)我國(guo)銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)工材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)量(liang)1722.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，同(tong)比增長(chang)4.5%，其(qi)中線(xian)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)777萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，棒材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)238.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，管(guan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)260萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，帶(dai)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)174.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，板(ban)排(pai)(pai)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)165.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，箔材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)40.6萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，其(qi)它(ta)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)66.1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)。2018年(nian)上(shang)半年(nian)我國(guo)銅(tong)(tong)加(jia)工材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)量(liang)882.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，同(tong)比增長(chang)2.96%。其(qi)中線(xian)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)411萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，棒材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)120萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，管(guan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)142萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，帶(dai)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)92萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，板(ban)排(pai)(pai)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)82萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，箔材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)20萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)，其(qi)它(ta)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)35萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)。
2. 中國銅材(cai)產量已連續多年全球第一，目前(qian)約占世界67%。
我國(guo)自2003年就成為(wei)了世界上最大的銅加工材生產國(guo)。美國(guo)、日本(ben)、韓國(guo)、德國(guo)、意(yi)大利2017年產量(liang)分別約為(wei)202.2萬噸、145.4萬噸、118.2萬噸、113.6萬噸、110.1萬噸。
3. 利潤(run)率偏(pian)(pian)低(di)，資產(chan)負債率偏(pian)(pian)高。
我國銅加工材綜(zong)合利潤率2016和2017僅(jin)為3%左右，今(jin)年(nian)上(shang)半(ban)年(nian)僅(jin)1.7%，資產負(fu)債率2015~2017年(nian)約(yue)為60%左右，今(jin)年(nian)上(shang)半(ban)年(nian)達到65%。
4. 主流裝備(bei)達到世界(jie)先進水平(ping)。
我國(guo)(guo)(guo)銅線(xian)桿普遍采(cai)用(yong)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)南線(xian)SCR、德(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)西馬克(ke)Contirod連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生產線(xian)；銅板帶采(cai)用(yong)德(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)容克(ke)、因達等(deng)(deng)(deng)先(xian)(xian)進(jin)熔煉設備(bei)，德(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)西馬克(ke)、意(yi)大利mino高精(jing)軋機(ji)、日(ri)本IHI等(deng)(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)先(xian)(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)銅板帶軋機(ji)、生田銑面機(ji)、B+S剪切機(ji)及拉彎嬌(jiao)直機(ji)，容克(ke)氣墊(dian)式連(lian)續退火爐等(deng)(deng)(deng)；壓(ya)延銅箔(bo)采(cai)用(yong)日(ri)本IHI銅箔(bo)X軋機(ji)，電(dian)解銅箔(bo)采(cai)用(yong)進(jin)口(kou)(kou)陰極輥；檢測設備(bei)光譜(pu)儀(yi)、測厚儀(yi)、元素(su)分析儀(yi)、拉力試驗機(ji)等(deng)(deng)(deng)從德(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、瑞士(shi)、日(ri)本、美國(guo)(guo)(guo)等(deng)(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)進(jin)口(kou)(kou)；銅管主要采(cai)用(yong)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)自主研發的(de)(de)鑄軋法設備(bei)，出口(kou)(kou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)市場。
5. 創新步伐加快，成果豐碩。
很多企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)建設(she)了(le)國(guo)(guo)家級(ji)或(huo)省級(ji)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)術中(zhong)心，國(guo)(guo)家級(ji)或(huo)省級(ji)博(bo)士(shi)后工(gong)(gong)作站(zhan)及院(yuan)士(shi)工(gong)(gong)作站(zhan)。近幾(ji)年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)均獲(huo)得多項中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)有色金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)科技(ji)(ji)進(jin)步獎(jiang)。國(guo)(guo)家級(ji)獎(jiang)項方面(mian)，2015年(nian)《銅(tong)(tong)(tong)管高(gao)(gao)效短流程技(ji)(ji)術裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)研發(fa)(fa)及產業(ye)(ye)化》獲(huo)國(guo)(guo)家科技(ji)(ji)進(jin)步二等獎(jiang)，2017年(nian)《高(gao)(gao)強高(gao)(gao)導銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)關(guan)鍵(jian)制備(bei)(bei)加工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術開(kai)發(fa)(fa)及應用》獲(huo)國(guo)(guo)家科技(ji)(ji)進(jin)步二等獎(jiang)。并且(qie)在高(gao)(gao)性能(neng)(neng)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)、新(xin)(xin)加工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)生(sheng)產裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)方面(mian)均獲(huo)得巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術突(tu)破。其(qi)中(zhong)高(gao)(gao)性能(neng)(neng)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)方面(mian)獲(huo)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術突(tu)破主要(yao)有：高(gao)(gao)強高(gao)(gao)導銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)（7035）、大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)無鉛黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、低鈹(pi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)、Cu-Cr-Zr合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)、耐磨復雜黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)等；新(xin)(xin)加工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術有：大(da)卷(juan)重(zhong)鈹(pi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產技(ji)(ji)術（熔煉技(ji)(ji)術、環(huan)保(bao)技(ji)(ji)術、立式淬火(huo)(huo)（爐）技(ji)(ji)術）、非真空熔煉生(sheng)產Cu-Cr-Zr合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)技(ji)(ji)術、上引連(lian)續擠壓生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶等；銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)生(sheng)產裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)有銅(tong)(tong)(tong)管高(gao)(gao)效短流程技(ji)(ji)術裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)研發(fa)(fa)及產業(ye)(ye)化、冷熱軋成套裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)及生(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)藝、大(da)噸位(wei)連(lian)續擠壓機、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)管在線淬火(huo)(huo)生(sheng)產線等。
6. 標準、專(zhuan)利和品(pin)牌(pai)等(deng)軟實力(li)提升(sheng)。
建立了(le)完善的(de)(de)標(biao)準體系，如(ru)中國(guo)銅(tong)(tong)及(ji)銅(tong)(tong)合金(jin)牌號總數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)已達(da)317個，雖(sui)比美國(guo)的(de)(de)396個少，但遠多(duo)于歐(ou)盟的(de)(de)142個和日本(ben)的(de)(de)76個，另(ling)外(wai)在狀(zhuang)態、規格、尺(chi)寸(cun)精度、性(xing)能、表面(mian)質量(liang)等標(biao)準上與(yu)國(guo)外(wai)有所區別，但差距(ju)不大(da)。其中，空調與(yu)制冷用銅(tong)(tong)管標(biao)準得到了(le)世(shi)界(jie)上多(duo)個國(guo)家的(de)(de)認可和采用。中國(guo)銅(tong)(tong)加工(gong)相關(guan)專利(li)數(shu)(shu)(shu)目達(da)4386件(jian)（含發明專利(li)、實用新(xin)型和外(wai)觀設計），占全球(qiu)專利(li)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)43%，近幾(ji)年(nian)中國(guo)專利(li)申請(qing)數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)每年(nian)均穩(wen)步上升。企業(ye)品牌建設方面(mian)形成了(le)如(ru)金(jin)龍、海亮、楚江新(xin)材、興業(ye)銅(tong)(tong)業(ye)、金(jin)田、博威等國(guo)際知(zhi)名(ming)品牌。
發展特點
1. 銅加工(gong)產業(ye)主要在銅冶煉和銅消(xiao)費集中(zhong)區域(yu)布局，出(chu)現向(xiang)中(zhong)西部轉移的趨勢。
在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)消(xiao)費下游(you)(you)浙江(jiang)(jiang)寧波(bo)、紹興形(xing)成了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)板帶(dai)(dai)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)棒(bang)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地，寧波(bo)市2017年(nian)(nian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材產(chan)量(liang)140萬噸，占浙江(jiang)(jiang)省46.4%，全(quan)國(guo)7.5%。聚集了如(ru)寧波(bo)金田、浙江(jiang)(jiang)海亮、博(bo)威合金、寧波(bo)興業盛泰、力博(bo)集團、寧波(bo)長振(zhen)等國(guo)內知名的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加工企業。安(an)(an)徽(hui)蕪湖有(you)楚江(jiang)(jiang)新材、眾源銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業、鑫科銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業三家(jia)國(guo)內僅有(you)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)板帶(dai)(dai)上市公司，2017年(nian)(nian)3家(jia)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)帶(dai)(dai)產(chan)量(liang)合計30.1萬噸，占全(quan)國(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)帶(dai)(dai)產(chan)量(liang)17.3%。在(zai)上游(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)煉安(an)(an)徽(hui)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)陵(ling)、江(jiang)(jiang)西鷹潭，湖北黃石，山東(dong)東(dong)營(ying)、聊(liao)城等區域均建設(she)了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加工材生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地，主要生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)線、管材、板帶(dai)(dai)等。近一(yi)年(nian)(nian)隨著空調廠家(jia)向中西部(bu)遷(qian)移(yi)，金龍、海亮、金田也(ye)均在(zai)重慶布局了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地。
2. 銅加(jia)工(gong)企業多元(yuan)化(hua)與(yu)專業化(hua)并存，專業化(hua)發展趨(qu)勢明顯。
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加工的(de)多(duo)元化企業(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)：金(jin)田集(ji)團、博威合金(jin)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)陵有(you)(you)色(se)、江銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)集(ji)團、中(zhong)國有(you)(you)色(se)集(ji)團、金(jin)川等(deng)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管方面(mian)形成(cheng)了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管雙雄海(hai)亮(liang)和(he)金(jin)龍。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)板帶龍頭企業(ye)(ye)為楚江新材(cai)和(he)興(xing)業(ye)(ye)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業(ye)(ye)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)箔(bo)方面(mian)形成(cheng)了建滔(tao)化工、南(nan)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)箔(bo)、華(hua)(hua)鑫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)箔(bo)等(deng)電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)箔(bo)專業(ye)(ye)化企業(ye)(ye)，壓延銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)箔(bo)有(you)(you)天和(he)壓延銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)箔(bo)、靈寶金(jin)源(yuan)朝輝銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業(ye)(ye)等(deng)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)線方面(mian)，有(you)(you)江潤(run)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業(ye)(ye)、常州金(jin)源(yuan)、南(nan)京華(hua)(hua)新，精達股份等(deng)優秀(xiu)企業(ye)(ye)。在更(geng)細分領(ling)域(yu)的(de)特色(se)企業(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)：萃(cui)隆、力博、中(zhong)鋁華(hua)(hua)中(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、安徽(hui)眾源(yuan)、寧波長振銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業(ye)(ye)等(deng)。
3. 國(guo)際產能(neng)合作(zuo)步(bu)(bu)伐加快，國(guo)內兼并(bing)重(zhong)組已拉開(kai)序幕，產業集中度(du)逐(zhu)步(bu)(bu)提高。
金龍集(ji)團在(zai)(zai)(zai)墨(mo)西哥、美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)廠(chang)，與(yu)KME合(he)資建(jian)設了(le)凱美(mei)(mei)龍精(jing)密銅(tong)板帶有限(xian)公(gong)司，收(shou)(shou)購(gou)了(le)上海日光部分股份。海亮集(ji)團在(zai)(zai)(zai)越(yue)南、泰國(guo)(guo)建(jian)廠(chang)，收(shou)(shou)購(gou)諾爾(er)達中山公(gong)司，收(shou)(shou)購(gou)美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)JMF。博威(wei)(wei)合(he)金在(zai)(zai)(zai)越(yue)南建(jian)廠(chang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)成立了(le)博威(wei)(wei)爾(er)特公(gong)司，并收(shou)(shou)購(gou)德國(guo)(guo)貝肯霍夫(fu)公(gong)司。金田集(ji)團在(zai)(zai)(zai)越(yue)南建(jian)廠(chang)。安(an)徽鑫科與(yu)日本古(gu)河合(he)建(jian)鑫古(gu)河金屬（無錫）有限(xian)公(gong)司。銅(tong)陵金威(wei)(wei)收(shou)(shou)購(gou)法國(guo)(guo)格里賽等(deng)。
國內(nei)方面(mian)，2016年海亮收(shou)(shou)購諾爾達中山公司，2017年萬州市政府收(shou)(shou)購金(jin)龍(long)集團股(gu)權，金(jin)田銅(tong)業(ye)收(shou)(shou)購江(jiang)(jiang)蘇興榮(rong)美樂(le)銅(tong)業(ye)61%股(gu)權，廣東嘉元科技股(gu)份有(you)限公司收(shou)(shou)購金(jin)象銅(tong)箔(bo)100%的股(gu)權，2018年楚(chu)江(jiang)(jiang)新材收(shou)(shou)購江(jiang)(jiang)蘇鑫(xin)海銅(tong)業(ye)22.22%的股(gu)權，上海勝華電纜(lan)與江(jiang)(jiang)銅(tong)合資(zi)成立江(jiang)(jiang)銅(tong)勝華（上海）電纜(lan)有(you)限公司等。
按照排名前(qian)4和前(qian)8的(de)企業市場占(zhan)有率來確(que)定銅加(jia)工(gong)材各品種市場占(zhan)有率為，電解銅箔屬于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)（上）寡占(zhan)III型，銅管屬于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)（下）寡占(zhan)IV型，銅桿屬于(yu)低集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)寡占(zhan)V型，銅板帶和銅棒屬于(yu)低集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)競爭(zheng)型。近幾年(nian)，隨著國家(jia)對環保、高質量發展等要求的(de)提升(sheng)，倒逼(bi)企業加(jia)快(kuai)轉型升(sheng)級步(bu)伐，產(chan)業集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)度(du)相比前(qian)幾年(nian)有所(suo)提高。
4. 電解銅箔投資過熱(re)，產(chan)能(neng)擴張快速，加工費持續(xu)下跌。
據統計，2017年(nian)(nian)國內電解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)箔(bo)(bo)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)合計37.64萬噸，2018年(nian)(nian)上半(ban)年(nian)(nian)就(jiu)有12家(jia)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)新增(zeng)了(le)電解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)箔(bo)(bo)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)，合計約8.1萬噸，2018年(nian)(nian)下半(ban)年(nian)(nian)將(jiang)有6家(jia)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)新增(zeng)電解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)箔(bo)(bo)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)3.3萬噸。2019年(nian)(nian)及(ji)以后還將(jiang)有28.6萬噸的產(chan)(chan)能(neng)規(gui)劃建(jian)設。2017年(nian)(nian)底鋰(li)電銅(tong)箔(bo)(bo)加(jia)工費約5萬左右，目(mu)前由于新增(zeng)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)過快，加(jia)工費接近腰(yao)斬。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)新增(zeng)電解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)箔(bo)(bo)項目(mu)時(shi)一定(ding)要慎重，已建(jian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)要加(jia)快速(su)度占領市場。
5. 銅加工產業向高質量發展更加迫切。
與(yu)世界先進水平(ping)相比，目(mu)前我國(guo)銅(tong)板帶、銅(tong)箔(bo)處于跟(gen)跑(pao)加(jia)并跑(pao)階段，銅(tong)棒(bang)和桿線(xian)屬于并跑(pao)加(jia)領(ling)跑(pao)階段，銅(tong)管屬于領(ling)跑(pao)階段。加(jia)工協會在2017年召集中國(guo)銅(tong)板帶企業家召開了(le)中國(guo)銅(tong)板帶產(chan)業發展高峰論壇，會議(yi)上提(ti)出(chu)了(le)“用3~5年時間使中國(guo)銅(tong)板帶產(chan)業達到世界一(yi)流水平(ping)”的目(mu)標。
面臨(lin)的機遇和挑(tiao)戰
1. 銅材需求總量逐頂(ding)，增長步伐收窄。
先進工業(ye)國家(jia)(jia)到(dao)達峰(feng)(feng)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)間基本集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)1991~2010年(nian)間；中(zhong)(zhong)國城(cheng)市化率、第三產業(ye)增加(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)占GDP的(de)比例、人均電耗(hao)、人均GDP在(zai)2030年(nian)以(yi)后將會達到(dao)先進工業(ye)國家(jia)(jia)銅消費峰(feng)(feng)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)的(de)水(shui)平(ping)。據(ju)安(an)泰科研究，對比我國人均銅消費量與(yu)先進工業(ye)國家(jia)(jia)峰(feng)(feng)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)平(ping)均水(shui)平(ping)，國內(nei)的(de)精銅消費峰(feng)(feng)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)點(dian)可能(neng)在(zai)2027年(nian)以(yi)后達到(dao)，即1397萬噸(dun)，人均精銅消費10.12kg。
2. 環保和金(jin)融風險永遠在(zai)路上。
銅材(cai)生(sheng)產(chan)過程中在(zai)(zai)熔(rong)(rong)鑄、擠壓、軋制和表(biao)面處(chu)(chu)理方面都存在(zai)(zai)環保(bao)風(feng)險點(dian)，熔(rong)(rong)鑄存在(zai)(zai)廢(fei)氣(qi)、煙塵、廢(fei)渣(zha)，擠壓過程存在(zai)(zai)模具表(biao)面處(chu)(chu)理產(chan)生(sheng)廢(fei)水(shui)，軋制中存在(zai)(zai)乳化液(ye)、軋制油等，表(biao)面處(chu)(chu)理存在(zai)(zai)酸氣(qi)、郵(you)寄溶劑(ji)等廢(fei)氣(qi)、廢(fei)水(shui)、廢(fei)渣(zha)等。
金融(rong)方(fang)(fang)面存(cun)在擔(dan)保、負(fu)債、回款、銅(tong)價波動風險。多(duo)家銅(tong)加工(gong)企業因擔(dan)保出現銀行抽貸，導(dao)致(zhi)資(zi)金鏈斷(duan)裂；負(fu)債方(fang)(fang)面因盲目投資(zi)導(dao)致(zhi)財務負(fu)擔(dan)過重(zhong)，遲遲不(bu)能(neng)盈利；回款方(fang)(fang)面因承(cheng)兌(dui)匯(hui)票、拖欠(qian)賬款等無法得到充足的(de)現金流。
3. 基礎(chu)研究(jiu)相對滯后，中低端同質化(hua)嚴重，高端略顯短缺。
主要原(yuan)因在于：（1）改革(ge)開放40年(nian)，必(bi)(bi)須(xu)經(jing)過“引進(jin)-消化-吸收-再創(chuang)新”發(fa)展階段，基礎研究(jiu)相對滯后(hou)；我們落(luo)后(hou)，是后(hou)進(jin)者，必(bi)(bi)須(xu)向別人學，改革(ge)。（2）中國產業(ye)發(fa)展環境適合跟蹤模仿(fang)，對下游研究(jiu)不夠。
具體表(biao)現在：（1）中(zhong)國(guo)原創(chuang)牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)少(shao)(shao)：日(ri)本、德國(guo)等國(guo)企業(ye)與下游(you)合(he)作開(kai)發(fa)專用牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)合(he)金；國(guo)內企業(ye)偏(pian)向(xiang)于(yu)生產、開(kai)發(fa)量大面廣的合(he)金，在國(guo)外(wai)(wai)牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)上小改小革，創(chuang)制新(xin)牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)。據了解，在美(mei)國(guo)牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)中(zhong)，中(zhong)國(guo)原創(chuang)牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)少(shao)(shao)，目前只(zhi)有廈門路達取(qu)得了12個美(mei)國(guo)CDA(美(mei)國(guo)銅業(ye)協會標準代號(hao))注(zhu)(zhu)冊材料牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)，博威合(he)金有1個美(mei)國(guo)注(zhu)(zhu)冊牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)C42230。另外(wai)(wai)，發(fa)展新(xin)的需求(qiu)也少(shao)(shao)，所以原創(chuang)牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)也少(shao)(shao)。（2）基礎理論與工藝研究滯后，在廣度(du)和(he)深度(du)方面都和(he)國(guo)外(wai)(wai)有很(hen)大差距。
中(zhong)低(di)端同質(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)嚴重(zhong)具(ju)體(ti)為：（1）量大面廣的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)材同質(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)嚴重(zhong)，如(ru)(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿、H65黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶(dai)(dai)、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)棒等(deng)。（2）產(chan)品(pin)同質(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)不(bu)僅存在于低(di)端產(chan)品(pin)，也在向(xiang)高(gao)(gao)端產(chan)品(pin)領域蔓延(yan)，如(ru)(ru)內(nei)螺(luo)紋銅(tong)(tong)(tong)管、光伏銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶(dai)(dai)、變壓器(qi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶(dai)(dai)、電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)箔、C19400等(deng)。高(gao)(gao)端略顯(xian)短缺表現在：銅(tong)(tong)(tong)板(ban)帶(dai)(dai)如(ru)(ru)C7035、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鉻鋯(gao)產(chan)品(pin)達不(bu)到高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)量要求，電(dian)子電(dian)路銅(tong)(tong)(tong)箔如(ru)(ru)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)高(gao)(gao)速用(yong)電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)箔、9微米及以下附載體(ti)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)箔、二(er)層法撓(nao)性覆銅(tong)(tong)(tong)板(ban)用(yong)電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)箔、HDI板(ban)用(yong)高(gao)(gao)檔高(gao)(gao)性能電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)箔等(deng)海外(wai)(wai)企(qi)業市場占(zhan)有(you)率(lv)占(zhan)據大部(bu)分。另外(wai)(wai)除銅(tong)(tong)(tong)管外(wai)(wai)，其(qi)余(yu)品(pin)種(zhong)長期處于凈進口。
4. “一帶一路”國際產能合作。
“一(yi)帶(dai)一(yi)路”沿線65個(ge)國家和(he)地區中，很多都具(ju)備發展銅加工產(chan)業的資源和(he)能源優勢(shi)，不僅(jin)是機遇還是挑戰。
5. “智能制(zhi)造”時代(dai)。
德(de)國提出(chu)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)4.0”發(fa)展戰略，按(an)照(zhao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)發(fa)展階段(duan)，我國銅加工(gong)(gong)(gong)整體處在“工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)3.0”和(he)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)2.0”之間。部分(fen)銅加工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)已在向智能制造時代邁(mai)進(jin)。
全(quan)力推進中國(guo)銅(tong)加(jia)工業(ye)高質量發展
中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)進入新(xin)時代(dai)，要(yao)以習近平新(xin)時代(dai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特(te)色社會主義思想為指(zhi)導，堅持(chi)五(wu)大發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)理念，推(tui)動(dong)銅加(jia)工(gong)(gong)行(xing)業(ye)高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。根據(ju)《有(you)色金屬工(gong)(gong)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規劃(2016~2020年)》，到2020年底我國(guo)(guo)有(you)色金屬工(gong)(gong)業(ye)邁入世界(jie)強國(guo)(guo)行(xing)列。為此，銅加(jia)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)的努力方向是：
1. 防范金(jin)融風(feng)險。
一要(yao)控(kong)制(zhi)擔保、互(hu)保風險(xian)，對于(yu)相互(hu)擔保風險(xian)，很多企業缺少警覺(jue)性。二要(yao)控(kong)制(zhi)負債風險(xian)，有些(xie)企業負債率(lv)高(gao)達70%以上，要(yao)特(te)別注(zhu)意。三要(yao)控(kong)制(zhi)貨款(kuan)回收(shou)風險(xian)，有些(xie)企業回款(kuan)期(qi)高(gao)達數(shu)月甚(shen)至數(shu)年。四要(yao)注(zhu)意銅價波動(dong)風險(xian)，利(li)用套期(qi)保值操作，可以一定(ding)程度上規避銅原材料價格波動(dong)風險(xian)。此(ci)外，各銅加工企業也(ye)要(yao)誠實(shi)守信，要(yao)自律，不(bu)要(yao)做規則(ze)的破壞(huai)者。
2. 高度(du)重視環保和安全生產。
環保(bao)和安全生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)是(shi)(shi)硬約束，是(shi)(shi)紅線，綠水青山就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)金(jin)山銀山。企業要下(xia)大(da)(da)力氣進行(xing)技術(shu)改造和轉型升級，滿足環保(bao)要求。要以人民(min)為中心(xin)，命(ming)大(da)(da)于(yu)天，安全生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)是(shi)(shi)企業發展(zhan)的底線。
3. 強化自主創新(xin)。
要加強基礎研究，利用(yong)(yong)好創新(xin)平(ping)臺。2016和2017年國(guo)家重(zhong)點研發計劃《高性(xing)能(neng)(neng)高精度銅及銅合金(jin)板(ban)帶材制(zhi)造技術(shu)》《高性(xing)能(neng)(neng)銅合金(jin)特種加工材制(zhi)造技術(shu)》《新(xin)型復(fu)合涂層/易反偏析合金(jin)快速凝固成形(xing)制(zhi)備技術(shu)》《基于工業大數據的(de)鋁/銅板(ban)帶材智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)工藝控制(zhi)技術(shu)》四(si)個項(xiang)目與銅加工有(you)(you)關，且(qie)項(xiang)目國(guo)撥經費(fei)接近1億元，各科研院所(suo)和企業要利用(yong)(yong)好國(guo)家經費(fei)，緊(jin)跟下游消費(fei)市(shi)場，研發出具有(you)(you)自主知(zhi)識產權的(de)適應下游需求的(de)產品。
4. 發展慢些好選擇。
推(tui)動高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)展，就要淡(dan)化(hua)增長速度和(he)數(shu)量(liang)，看重(zhong)提升質量(liang)和(he)效益。具體為(wei)：聚焦主業，守正出奇(qi)；謹慎(shen)投資，特別是慎(shen)投新項目(mu)，并購重(zhong)組也許(xu)更優；調結(jie)構，促轉型；突出產品特色，打造(zao)品牌優勢；上(shang)市(shi)；搶抓智能化(hua)機遇(yu)。借助資本市(shi)場方(fang)面，可利用風投、上(shang)市(shi)、并購、上(shang)下游參(can)股等途徑；著力推(tui)進智能化(hua)制造(zao)。
5. 重視人才隊伍(wu)建設。
打(da)造企業(ye)家精(jing)神，并在(zai)“二代”中傳承，職(zhi)業(ye)經理(li)人要(yao)有情懷和使命(ming)感，重(zhong)視科技(ji)人員培養和隊(dui)伍(wu)建設，培養技(ji)術工(gong)人的工(gong)匠精(jing)神。
6. 加強國際(ji)產能合作(zuo)，積極應對(dui)貿(mao)易摩擦。
我(wo)國(guo)銅管頻頻遭遇國(guo)外(wai)反(fan)傾銷或高關稅壁壘(lei)，應(ying)積(ji)極應(ying)訴，努力(li)維護自身(shen)合(he)法權益。化解中美(mei)貿易摩擦(ca)影(ying)響到的(de)訂單，積(ji)極開拓新興(xing)市場。與(yu)國(guo)際優秀(xiu)企(qi)業合(he)作(zuo)，擴大出口，走(zou)出去建廠。
河南東力重工(gong)機(ji)(ji)械有(you)限(xian)公(gong)司(si)成立于(yu)2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)11月5日(ri)，注冊資金500萬元，位于(yu)河南省洛(luo)陽市工(gong)業園區，公(gong)司(si)北依洛(luo)陽貨運西站，西臨310國(guo)(guo)(guo)道和(he)連霍(huo)高速公(gong)路，地理位置優越(yue)(yue)，交通便利。公(gong)司(si)專業從事銅及(ji)(ji)銅合(he)金、鋁及(ji)(ji)鋁合(he)金帶材，厚度(du)(du)為：0.2mm～5.0mm，寬(kuan)度(du)(du)為：8mm～2000mm材料的(de)剪(jian)(jian)切。剪(jian)(jian)切生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線主要(yao)設備有(you)：1800縱(zong)剪(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)列(lie)(lie)一(yi)組(zu)，1250縱(zong)剪(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)列(lie)(lie)一(yi)組(zu)、650縱(zong)剪(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)列(lie)(lie)二(er)(er)組(zu)、305縱(zong)剪(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)列(lie)(lie)一(yi)組(zu)，修(xiu)邊縱(zong)剪(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)列(lie)(lie)二(er)(er)組(zu)，七條剪(jian)(jian)切生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)力10000噸/年(nian)(nian)(nian)，可實現銷(xiao)售收入1.6億元，2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)新(xin)增的(de)1800縱(zong)剪(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)列(lie)(lie)一(yi)組(zu)和(he)修(xiu)邊縱(zong)剪(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)列(lie)(lie)二(er)(er)組(zu), 于(yu)2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)6月全部(bu)投入生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，目前公(gong)司(si)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)可滿足國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)所有(you)變(bian)壓器廠的(de)需求，并填補了國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)不(bu)能(neng)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)1.6米以上變(bian)壓器帶的(de)空白。2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月，公(gong)司(si)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)打開(kai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際市場大(da)門，目前已遠銷(xiao)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、越(yue)(yue)南、印(yin)度(du)(du)、新(xin)加(jia)坡、澳(ao)大(da)利亞、新(xin)西蘭(lan)、巴西、愛爾蘭(lan)、韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)、沙特阿拉伯(bo)等十幾個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家，東力產(chan)(chan)品(pin)穩定的(de)性能(neng)、精(jing)湛的(de)工(gong)藝，贏得國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)外用戶的(de)一(yi)致好評(ping)！
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